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e vow in the different juridical effects which theyproduce in Canon Law, the solemn vow making acts op But exceptionally the obligation may be grave, as whenthe promisor intended to bind himself in virtue of justice and undergrave sin, or when the secret is natural as well as promised. Since punitivesterilization has as its immediate effect, whether as an end or as ameans, sterility of the genera Martyrdom in act, which is external suffering forjustice's sake, has three degrees: the lowest degree is

; fear, 41; ignorance, 40, 24 sqq. The response of the Sacred Penitentiary ofJune 16, 1880, affords a safe guide in practice: Married couples whouse thei This right of self-defense is granted by naturallaw itself, and has been denied by but few moralists. There is a natural obligation on account of therelationship between the pastor and the people, and there